Soil structural degradation remains, after salinity, the major threat to the sustainability of Australian agricultural production.
So a Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) funded research project aims to maintain soil productivity under continuous cropping, by increasing organic matter throughput over time.
This, in turn, increases soil carbon levels, with the ‘likely’ result of equal or better cropping yields.
The project is aimed at addressing growers’ concerns about declining soil structure resulting from continuous cropping.
The GRDC says that, apart from the potential improvement in crop yields, the strategy also results in reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
The GRDC and the Victorian Department of Primary Industries (DPI) report that the relationships between organic matter inputs and changes in soil properties were investigated in the irrigated cropping regions of Victoria and NSW.
The trials involved the use of irrigated grain growers’ paired paddocks, with each pair consisting of one paddock with a relatively higher organic matter throughput scenario and a paddock with a lower organic matter throughput scenario.
The results showed that in most of the paired paddocks the system with higher organic matter throughput produced yields equal to or higher than did its adjacent paddock with lower throughput.
“It’s not absolute scientific proof, but this data nevertheless constitutes convincing evidence for growers,” DPI researcher Dr Peter Fisher said.
“Soil structural degradation is commonly associated with soil hardness, poor germination, restricted root growth, poor water infiltration, reduced water holding capacity and inevitably, reduced yields.”
A key finding from the paired paddocks trial was that for every extra tonne per hectare of above-ground and below-ground organic matter maintained on average for 10 years, the soil carbon percentage was found to be more than 0.2pc higher.
“This increase is greater than most carbon modelling suggests,” Dr Fisher said.
“Most carbon modelling indicates that increasing soil carbon is a very slow process, taking many decades to achieve significant changes.
"For example, modelling a 2 tonne/ha increase in organic matter input for the same conditions, results in a change in soil carbon value of about 0.13pc after 20 years.
“In contrast, the relationship developed between change in organic matter input and change in soil carbon at the 13 paired paddocks in the trial, suggested that a 2 t/ha increase in soil organic matter might result in approximately a 0.4pc change in carbon level, after only 10 years.”