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 Ways to maintain yields under continuous cropping 

Ways to maintain yields under continuous cropping

29 Dec, 2008 12:14 PM
Soil structural degradation remains, after salinity, the major threat to the sustainability of Australian agricultural production.

So a Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) funded research project aims to maintain soil productivity under continuous cropping, by increasing organic matter throughput over time.

This, in turn, increases soil carbon levels, with the ‘likely’ result of equal or better cropping yields.

The project is aimed at addressing growers’ concerns about declining soil structure resulting from continuous cropping.

The GRDC says that, apart from the potential improvement in crop yields, the strategy also results in reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

The GRDC and the Victorian Department of Primary Industries (DPI) report that the relationships between organic matter inputs and changes in soil properties were investigated in the irrigated cropping regions of Victoria and NSW.

The trials involved the use of irrigated grain growers’ paired paddocks, with each pair consisting of one paddock with a relatively higher organic matter throughput scenario and a paddock with a lower organic matter throughput scenario.

The results showed that in most of the paired paddocks the system with higher organic matter throughput produced yields equal to or higher than did its adjacent paddock with lower throughput.

“It’s not absolute scientific proof, but this data nevertheless constitutes convincing evidence for growers,” DPI researcher Dr Peter Fisher said.

“Soil structural degradation is commonly associated with soil hardness, poor germination, restricted root growth, poor water infiltration, reduced water holding capacity and inevitably, reduced yields.”

A key finding from the paired paddocks trial was that for every extra tonne per hectare of above-ground and below-ground organic matter maintained on average for 10 years, the soil carbon percentage was found to be more than 0.2pc higher.

“This increase is greater than most carbon modelling suggests,” Dr Fisher said.

“Most carbon modelling indicates that increasing soil carbon is a very slow process, taking many decades to achieve significant changes.

"For example, modelling a 2 tonne/ha increase in organic matter input for the same conditions, results in a change in soil carbon value of about 0.13pc after 20 years.

“In contrast, the relationship developed between change in organic matter input and change in soil carbon at the 13 paired paddocks in the trial, suggested that a 2 t/ha increase in soil organic matter might result in approximately a 0.4pc change in carbon level, after only 10 years.”

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Several times in the last few years I have made the example of the European farmers practice of incorporating organic matter - manures and straw - in the soil, with heavy tilling of 1m and more.

Every time my comments have been ignored. I do remember having a very long and heated discussion with several "scientists" from the Dept of Ag in Canberra 20 or so years ago about the practice. They where convinced that minimum till or no till was the way to go.

Unfortunately, the only thing that happens is soil compaction - no root or moisture penetration is the result. The other side effect is that top soil-making, Part of it is used by the crop and the rest evaporates or it's lost in the wash.

Go Back to heavy tilling, aerate the soil, incorporate manures, straws, cane mulch and the like, reduce the use of chemical fertilisers and you will see your soil come back to life and once again be very productive.

Posted by Peter, 30/12/2008 10:04:36 AM
Our agricultural education institutions would do well to include the Albrecht Papers as part of their syllabus.

In the long run, it would save many $ in expenditure on reinventing the wheel and waiting for crises before doing anything about it. We may even be able to shut the gate before the horse bolts.

The current economic world crisis is testimony to the science of free enterprise when greed steps in. The current state of world agricultural soils also is testimony to the mainstream agricultural science - we have been mining our soils since we were able to turn the first sod.

Extract from Albrecht says: “When measured in terms of carbon dioxide output, that the soil is a live, active body. An acre of the better corn belt soil in Iowa or northern Illinois, for example, exhales more than 25 times as much of this gas per day as does an adult man at work.

Such a soil area burns carbon at a rate equivalent to 1.6 pounds of a good grade of soft coal per hour. The heat equivalent evolved in the same time would convert more than 17 pounds of water to steam under 100 pounds pressure.

A 40-acre cornfield during the warmer portion of a July day is burning organic matter in the soil with an energy output equivalent to that of a 40-horsepower steam engine.

Every acre, in other words, may be roughly pictured as a factory using the equivalent of 1 horsepower. Organic matter is the source of the power without which the plant-food elements could not be changed to usable forms.

The depletion of the supply of organic matter by cultivation is well illustrated by the report of a study made in central Missouri in which an undisturbed virgin prairie soil was compared to an adjoining field cropped to corn, wheat, and oats for 60 years without the addition of manure or fertiliser.

No erosion had taken place, yet 38pc of the organic matter represented by the virgin soil had been lost during that period because of cultivation. As a consequence of this loss in organic matter, the soil structure was modified to an extent that might be represented by reducing the number of granules that were the size of particles of sand by 11pc and increasing the number that were the size of clay particles by 5.5pc.

The loss of organic matter represents soil compaction, which hampers the circulation of air and water and hinders tillage operations at the same time that the function of the soil in plant nutrition is disturbed.

Thus, in just 60 years, more than one-third of the organic matter, representing centuries of accumulation, was destroyed and the efficiency of the soil for crop production was reduced”.

Posted by Richard Woolley, 30/12/2008 10:07:21 AM
We have seen a dramtic improvement in our soils since going minimum till 15 years ago. We are now zero till and plant with disc planters.

We have implemented controlled traffic on 3 metre centres with all machinery including the header on permanent wheel tracks.

Compaction has been significantly reduced. Our fuel consumption has dropped by 50pc. Our soils are softer and hold more water. We have harvested a profitable crop in drought years where other farmers nearby that ploughed didn't.

Zero till is all about farming moisture and maintaining stubble cover.

Peter, we all used heavy tillage 20 years ago and it was a failure. It has taken years to reverse the plough pans and hard setting soils that are a result of heavy tillage we did in the 80s.

Posted by mack, 1/01/2009 12:17:45 PM

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